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To ensure accurate and reliable blood pressure measurements at home, consider the following tips: Choose a Quality Monitor: Select a home blood pressure monitor that has been validated for accuracy. Look for models that are approved by medical associations or regulatory bodies. Proper Cuff Size: Ensure that the cuff size fits your arm correctly. An ill-fitting cuff can lead to imprecise readings. Follow the manufacturer's guidelines for cuff sizing. Regular Schedule: Measure your blood pressure at the same time each day, as blood pressure can vary through the day. Avoid measuring immediately after consuming caffeine or engaging in strenuous activity. Rest and Relaxation: Sit quietly for at least 5 minutes before taking a measurement. Avoid talking or moving during the measurement. Keep your arm supported and at heart level. Multiple Readings: Take multiple readings, about 1-2 minutes apart, and record the results. Discard any unusual readings and calculate the average for...
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Rupture of the intestine

 A rupture of the intestine occurs when an injury or previous illness causes the intestine to burst and leave a hole in the intestinal wall . Doctors also speak of intestinal perforation or intestinal rupture.

The intestinal contents can get through the hole into the abdomen and trigger a life-threatening infection . A ruptured bowel is therefore an emergency that can be fatal and must be treated immediate. Call an ambulance if you or someones close to you has sudden severe abdominal pain , a hard stomach, and circulatory problems. While waiting for the ambulance, remove any cramping clothing and keep your upper body elevated .

There are several explanations for how a perforated bowel occurs. Chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall is usually responsible for this . A rupture of the intestine can occur in any part of the intestine - both in the small intestine, in the large intestine, and in the appendix.

Doctors differentiate between the following types of intestinal perforation:

  • Covered intestinal breakthrough : Experts speak of a covered or covered intestinal breakthrough when surrounding organs close the hole in the intestine. This type of intestinal rupture is usually less dangerous because none of the intestinal contents enter the abdominal cavity. The inflammation is limited to the intestines.
  • Open intestinal breakthrough : Doctors refer to the incident as an open intestinal breakthrough when the hole is exposed and intestinal contents such as food residues, digestive juices and also germs enter the abdominal cavity unhindered. This inflames the peritoneum, which can be life-threatening.


  • Colon breakthrough: symptoms

Symptoms for patients with perforated bowel are varied. People with an open intestinal breakthrough usually have much more severe symptoms than those with a hidden intestinal breakthrough. In both cases, medical professionals can identify the hole in the intestine by the following signs:

  • You suddenly have severe abdominal pain.
  • The general condition worsens suddenly.
  • The abdominal wall feels firm and hard.

Many patients with an open intestinal perforation also have these symptoms:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Acute constipation
  • Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing
  • Racing heart
  • fever
  • Sweats
  • chills 
  • Circulatory problems and dizziness
  • Radiating pain up to the shoulder

Colon breakthrough: causes

Different clinical pictures can injure the intestinal wall and cause a hole in the intestine. Most notably, these include inflammatory bowel disease, as the inflammation damages the intestinal tissue. The most common are:

  • Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix
  • Ulcerative colitis: a chronic inflammations of the large intestine that causes ulcers (ulcers)
  • Crohn's disease: chronic inflammation of the intestinal lining and deeper intestinal layers, mostly at the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine
  • Diverticulitis : inflammation of protuberances (diverticula) on the intestinal wall

Also, tumors or intestinal obstruction may be a bowel perforation trigger. In addition, accidents and acts of violence can cause bowel perforation:

  • Impact in a traffic accident
  • Swallowed object
  • Object introduced through the anus
  • Gunshot or stab wounds

During a colonoscopy , the examination device can injure the intestinal wall. However, intestinal perforation after a screening colonoscopy is very rare. The risk is around 0.1 to 1 percent.

Surgery is also a rare but possible cause. A hole in the intestine after an operation occurs, for example, when sutures on the intestinal wall loosen. This happens in around 5 to 15 percent of operations on the colon. It is very rare for the surgeon to injure the bowel during surgery. The risk is 1 to 2 percent.

Anyone who smokes or drinks a lot of alcohol increases the likelihood of having a perforated bowel.

Colon perforation: diagnosis

To determine if an intestinal rupture has occurred, the doctor first examines the patient's abdomen. To do this , he carefully feels and taps the zone. He also asks the person concerned whether they have previous illnesses and whether they are taking medication. The doctor will then usually arrange for an X-ray to be taken while standing. If he recognizes free air below the diaphragm on the X-ray, it is usually a breakthrough in the intestine. An ultrasound image can also show leaked fluid from the intestine.

If the doctor is unsure, he also examines the patient with a computer tomograph (CT). The doctor uses a contrast medium, which he injects into the vein of the affected person or introduces it through the rectum. If the color can be seen in the abdomen, he can make the diagnosis of an intestinal perforation.

A blood test can also indicate a rupture of the intestine. When the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) is increased, the doctor knows that the person has an acute inflammation.

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